The Beginning of a Life-Changing Journey:

It was September when Mr. Dey arrived in the emergency department. He had suffered a serious accident at his workplace, a heavy sheet of tin had fallen directly on his leg. The injuries were catastrophic: two major vessels were torn, and several tendons were damaged beyond recognition. His leg was deeply wounded, and the bleeding was severe. He was frightened, and understandably so. The reality of losing his limb was stark, but we had no choice but to act quickly.

As a plastic surgeon in Kolkata, my first priority was to stop the bleeding, restore the blood flow to the affected area, and repair the damage done to the vessels and tendons. These are the critical moments when a surgeon must be both precise and calm, knowing that the outcome is dependent on every decision made.

The Emergency Surgery:

In reconstructive surgery, every second counts. The human body has an incredible ability to heal, but it needs the right conditions to do so. The surgery that followed was delicate and involved extensive work to restore the damaged blood vessels and tendons. Every stitch and every movement during that procedure was aimed at one goal: saving Mr. Dey’s leg and giving him the best chance at recovery.

Once the blood flow was restored and the pulses began to return to his leg, I felt an overwhelming sense of relief. It was a reminder of why we do what we do—it’s not just about saving a limb, it’s about preserving a future. The fear in Mr. Dey’s eyes slowly turned into hope as the healing process began.

The Road to Recovery:

Mr. Dey’s journey did not end with the successful surgery. As a plastic and reconstructive surgeon, I knew that recovery would be a long and challenging process, but it was not without its rewards. He underwent regular follow-up appointments, during which we monitored his progress and made adjustments to his rehabilitation plan. His leg slowly regained strength, and the fear of permanent disability faded with each passing week.

One of the most rewarding aspects of my work as a plastic surgeon is seeing patients like Mr. Dey regain not just their physical abilities, but their confidence and independence. The process of healing, both physically and emotionally, is often just as important as the surgery itself.

Aesthetic Surgery: Beyond Function to Form:

While my primary focus is on reconstructive surgery, many of my patients also seek aesthetic improvements that go hand-in-hand with functional restoration. After the initial healing from a major injury like Mr. Dey’s, there is often a desire to improve the appearance of scars, restore normal limb function, or enhance facial features following trauma or surgery.

Aesthetic surgery, which involves the enhancement of physical appearance to improve one’s overall look, plays a crucial role in the psychological recovery of patients. For those who have undergone significant trauma or injury, restoring the aesthetic appearance can significantly impact their mental health and self-esteem. As a cosmetic surgeon in Kolkata, I understand how important it is for patients to not only regain function but also feel whole again. Whether it’s scar revision surgery, liposuction, facelifts, or body contouring, aesthetic surgery can help restore the sense of self that may have been lost during traumatic events.

Why Choose Dr. Sabyasachi Basu: The Plastic Surgeon You Can Trust:

When seeking a plastic surgeon in Kolkata, it’s crucial to choose someone who has the experience, expertise, and dedication to not only healing but also restoring hope and quality of life. Dr. Sabyasachi Basu, consultant plastic surgeon in kolkata, has years of experience in both reconstructive and aesthetic surgery and is committed to providing the highest level of care for his patients. Whether you’re dealing with trauma, congenital deformities, or looking to enhance your appearance, you can trust Dr. Basu’s compassionate approach and exceptional skill.

The process of recovery and reconstruction is not just about fixing the physical body, but about rebuilding the spirit and allowing patients to reclaim their lives. Mr. Dey’s journey is just one example of the profound impact that reconstructive and aesthetic surgery can have on a person’s life.

Conclusion:

In the field of plastic surgery in Kolkata, each case presents a unique challenge, but the goal remains the same: to restore, rebuild, and enhance. The work of a reconstructive and aesthetic surgeon goes far beyond just the technical aspect of surgery. It is about healing, restoring confidence, and ensuring that patients can live their lives to the fullest.

If you are facing a challenging medical condition or have suffered an injury that requires surgical intervention, Dr. Sabyasachi Basu is here to help. With a compassionate approach, cutting-edge techniques, and years of expertise, you can trust that you are in capable hands.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs):

1. What is the difference between reconstructive surgery and aesthetic surgery?

Answer: Reconstructive surgery focuses on restoring function and repairing the damage caused by injury, disease, or congenital conditions. Aesthetic surgery, on the other hand, is primarily concerned with improving the appearance of a person by enhancing or modifying certain features.

2. How long does recovery take after a reconstructive surgery?

Answer: Recovery time varies depending on the complexity of the surgery and the individual’s overall health. In the case of severe injuries, such as those requiring tendon or vessel repair, recovery may take several months. Regular follow-up appointments are essential to monitor progress and adjust treatment as needed.

3. Will the scars from reconstructive surgery be noticeable?

Answer: While scars are inevitable after any surgery, techniques such as scar revision surgery and careful wound care can minimize their appearance. As a plastic surgeon, my goal is to ensure that scars are as discreet as possible, allowing you to feel confident and comfortable in your appearance.

4. Can aesthetic surgery be combined with reconstructive surgery?

Answer: Yes, in many cases, aesthetic procedures can be combined with reconstructive surgery to improve both function and appearance. For example, after reconstructive surgery to repair an injury, aesthetic techniques like scar revision or cosmetic enhancements can be used to improve the final outcome.

The post Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery: A Journey of Healing and Hope with Dr. Sabyasachi Basu, Plastic Surgeon in Kolkata appeared first on Dr. Sabyasachi Basu.

Fat grafting is done under General Anaesthesia and entails a stay of 1 day at the hospital. Packages start at around Rs 1,80,000/-

The post Transform Your Skin and Contours with Fat Grafting: A Revolutionary Approach to Rejuvenation and Aesthetic Enhancement appeared first on Dr. Sabyasachi Basu.

One of the signs of ageing is formation of eyebags. Following atrophy of deep fat in the face due to ageing, there is ligament laxity and hence migration of intraocular fat below the eyes which protrudes making eyebags distinctly visible. It is often associated with tear trough deformity and undereye pigmentation due to migration of fat in the midface. In the upper lid, skin becomes loose due to ageing causing hooding and wrinkling. There may be herniation of fat here also.

Eyebags bring an unattractive appearance to the eyes and the under eye area, making the eyes look smaller in proportion to the face. This also increases the dark circles and the undereye pigmentation accentuating an aged look to the face. The hooding and skin wrinkling in the upper eyelid makes it look heavy with multiple folds in the eyelid skin.

Lower Blepharoplasty is combined with fat grafting over the tear trough area. It corrects the hollows under the eyes, reduces the pigmentations and rejuvenates the skin of the mid face. Lower blepharoplasty can be transconjunctival i.e. no skin is removed and only fat is removed or it can be transcutaneous involving removal of additional skin.

Blepharoplasty surgery is a daycare / one day admission surgery. You can get admitted in the morning of the surgery and get discharged the next day. However there would be some minimal bruises and swelling around the eyes which will subside in 4-5 days and then give you a rejuvenated look. This surgery is a permanent treatment of eyebags unlike injection of fillers in the midface and tear trough which will temporarily mask the eyebags and will need to be repeated every year.

The cost of lower blepharoplasty starts from Rs 1,50,000 and this costs includes the fat grafting to give a perfectly sculpted look. The cost of upper blepharoplasty starts at Rs 1,00,000. With this you will have to pay GST as cosmetic surgeries are under GST.

The post Say Goodbye to Eyebags and Hooded Eyes: The Ultimate Guide to Blepharoplasty for a Rejuvenated Look appeared first on Dr. Sabyasachi Basu.

When we feel the skin of a baby it feels so soft. With time and age, slowly the quality of the skin disintegrates. Folds and wrinkles appear and occasional scars and pigmentations are seen. The face becomes more hollowed and dark circles appear in the undereye regions. The heart shaped face slowly changes into an egg shaped round face. The neck becomes shriveled and sometimes tiers and bulges appear in our bodies.

The science about aesthetics says that these are all natural and very predictable and hence preventable and treatable. The fat in the face migrates downwards with age. Migration of the fat deepens the nasolabial folds and the marionette lines. Also there is gradual loss of the total volume of the fat. Hence we find the hollows and the bulges. The dark circles or the undereye is somewhat caused by this loss of fat below the eyes. The jaw definition is slowly lost. With age, the collagen in the skin breaks down causing a loss of elasticity and quality of the skin. With the loss of skin elasticity and constant folding of the forehead skin, due to the contraction of the forehead muscles, gives forehead wrinkles appear. On top of that, continuous exposure to sunlight creates pigmentation and marks.

Now if the cause of all these signs of ageing are found, it is but obvious that the treatment to these are all discovered. The primary therapy would involve using a sunblock at all times. The sun is harmful to the facial skin and the skin must be protected. A good facewash, that contains ingredients that actually penetrates the skin is essential. A moisturizer hydrates the skin and a good night cream would improve the quality of the skin.

As regards to treatment protocols, Botulinum toxin paralyses the forehead muscles thus removing wrinkles on the forehead. The same action is seen in correcting the “crow’s feet” i.e. the wrinkles around the eyes. Facial dermal fillers help in filling up the lost fat in the midface thus correcting the shape of the face. It also helps in reducing the undereye pigmentation and the tear troughs. Fillers enhance the projection of the chin and also create jaw contouring. It also reduces the nasolabial folds and other folds and lines. Threadlift help in creating a better contour to the middle and lower face. It also helps in skin rejuvenation.

The quality of the skin can be enhanced in many ways. Hydrafacial therapy is a non-invasive, transformative skin health treatment to deeply cleanse, extract and hydrate the skin. Chemical peels and derma-abrasions are techniques in which the upper layer of the skin are removed and new skin that is gradually formed has better quality. Chemical peels also help in treating acne scars and freckles and other superficial pigmentation. Skin boosters are hyaluronic acid molecules injected to improve the quality of the skin. Platelet rich plasma therapy is used for skin rejuvenation. Scars can be treated with microneedling treatments.

The advancement of laser therapies has increased the scope of antiageing treatments. Fractional CO2 lasers treat all types of scars while Q switch lasers treat pigmentation. The HIFU machine helps in reducing the saggy skin of the face and Facetite and Necktite therapies help in skin contraction and toning. There are treatments for loss of colour and density of eyebrow also.

So antiageing therapy is a reality today and it is gaining popularity rapidly among all classes of society. Gone are the days when this was considered a social taboo. Anti-ageing therapies have given the best of results and is here to stay.

The post The Anti-ageing Face – The Glamour and The Glory appeared first on Dr. Sabyasachi Basu.

In Kolkata, Breast Reduction Surgery in Kolkata has gained popularity not only for its cosmetic benefits but also for its ability to improve the comfort, posture, and confidence of women.

Here, in this blog, we will explore the valuable insight into the process, what patients can expect, and how to choose the best clinic for this life-changing surgery, shared by Dr. Sabyasachi Basu, a highly experienced cosmetic and reconstruction surgeon.

Why are doctors recommending Breast Reduction Surgery?

Breast reduction surgery is not only a cosmetic choice; however, it is recommended for women who are suffering from:

• Chronic and acute pain and discomfort in the back, neck, or shoulder due to overweight breasts
• Skin irritation or rashes under the breasts
• Overweight breasts cause difficulty participating in physical activities or exercise
• It also affects self-confidence

By reducing the shape of the breast and reshaping the shape by a Plastic surgeon for breast reduction in Kolkata, the process creates more natural balance, which improves both comfort and appearance.

 The process explained:

Doctors prefer to do breast reduction surgery under general anesthesia, which consists of three major stages:

1. Incision and removal:

The Surgeon makes specific incisions to access additional breast tissue. Then carefully remove excess tissue, fat, and skin. Common incision techniques are –

Anchor or Inverted-T Incision,
Vertical or Lollipop Incision,
Periareolar Incision

2. Re-shaping the breasts:

After removing the excess part, they carefully reshape the breasts and give a proportional, natural form.

3. Repositioning the nipple-areola complex:

Incision and reshaping are not enough to provide a natural look. To align with the new shape and size of the breasts, the Top cosmetic surgeon for breast reduction in Kolkata repositioned the nipple and areola higher on the breast.

The surgery usually takes a few hours, and patients can return home on the same day or the next. However, the recovery depends upon adequate rest and follow-up care.

 Recovery and aftercare:

Breast reduction surgery requires efficient aftercare:

• Wearing a supportive surgical bra helps in healing and reduces inflammation
• Do not lift heavy weights for a few weeks, and avoid stressful activities.
• Keep the upper body in an elevated position while sleeping to avoid discomfort
• Maintain proper follow-ups to monitor treatment and ensure the best results

Most women can continue daily activities within 1-2 weeks, while complete recovery and results may take a few months after breast reduction surgery in Kolkata.

 Breast reduction surgery in Kolkata: Factors affecting cost:

Breast reduction in Kolkata depends on many factors, such as:

• Surgeon’s expertise
• Case complexity
• The type of hospital or clinic facilities
• Anesthesia and medicine requirements
• Surgical care and follow-up counselling

Mammoplasty is a highly personalised surgery, and determining the proper operation cost before a detailed consultation with a qualified surgeon is not possible. However, patients should concentrate on protection, surgical expertise, and long-term results, rather than affordable breast reduction in Kolkata.

Choosing the Best Clinic and Surgeon in Kolkata:

The best clinic and experienced and expert surgeon ensure safe, effective, and satisfactory results. Patients should consider:

• Surgeon’s qualification, certificate, and experience
• A strong track record of surgery
• Review of the patient and before-and-after photos
• Leading-edge facilities with advanced safety standards
• The level of pre-operative and post-operative support
• Ask if breast reduction surgery is covered by insurance in Kolkata?

 Concluding Note:

Doctors do not prescribe breast reduction surgery only for cosmetic purposes. Rather, it is a life-changing solution that can reduce chronic pain, improve body posture, and boost confidence. For women seeking this change, selecting the right surgeon and clinic is crucial to gain long-lasting comfort and natural results.

With expert care from surgeons like Dr. Sabyasachi Basu, patients experience not only cosmetic enhancement, better breasts, but also a new sense of freedom and confidence.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Breast Reduction Surgery in Kolkata:

1. Is breast reduction surgery only for cosmetic purposes?

Answer: No, breast reduction surgery is not solely for cosmetic reasons. Many women undergo this procedure to relieve physical issues such as chronic back, neck, and shoulder pain, skin irritation, and posture problems caused by overly large breasts. It also helps improve emotional well-being and confidence.

2. What is the recovery time after breast reduction surgery in Kolkata?

Answer: Most patients resume light activities within 1–2 weeks after surgery. However, complete healing, including scar maturation and final breast shape, may take several months. Adhering to your surgeon’s aftercare plan is vital for optimal results.

3. How much does breast reduction surgery cost in Kolkata?

Answer: The cost of breast reduction surgery in Kolkata depends on several factors, including the surgeon’s experience, surgical technique, clinic facilities, anesthesia, and follow-up care. An accurate estimate can only be provided after a detailed consultation with a qualified cosmetic surgeon.

4. Is breast reduction surgery covered by insurance in Kolkata?

Answer: Yes, in some cases. If the surgery is medically necessary to alleviate health issues such as chronic pain or mobility limitations, health insurance may cover part or all of the cost. Patients should confirm coverage with their insurance provider and discuss documentation with their surgeon.

The post A Complete Guide for Breast Reduction Surgery in Kolkata appeared first on Dr. Sabyasachi Basu.

Getting rhinoplasty or a nose job, whether for cosmetic or functional reasons, involves preparing your mind, body, and lifestyle for a smoother experience. A successful rhinoplasty depends on proper preparation, which can make your surgery smoother, healing faster, and achieve the best results.

As a top-rated rhinoplasty doctor in Kolkata, Dr. Sabyasachi Basu discusses the proper planning before surgery. In this guide, we’ll discuss 3 critical steps to help you prepare before surgery:

• Pre-surgical consultations
• Medical clearances
• Lifestyle changes

Pre-Surgery Consultations: Your First Step to Success:

Pre-surgical consultation is more important than other routine appointments. This is the beginning of your surgical journey. Your surgeon will describe the procedure and the result. You can ask questions to clear your doubts.

Ask these Questions:

• The surgical method in your specific case
• Recovery timelines
• Risk of complications
• What consequences are realistically attainable to your facial structure
• Is rhinoplasty safe in Kolkata?

Bring Your Complete Medical History:

Proper medical history ensures safety and minimizes complications. Please share details about:

• Past surgeries or hospitalizations
• Your current medications and dietary supplements
• If any known allergies to tablets or anaesthesia
• Chronic health issues like diabetes, hypertension, etc.

Clarify Your Goals:

Transparent communication helps align surgical results with expectations. So don’t hesitate to discuss your worries and expectations and Rhinoplasty surgery experience in Kolkata, with your surgeon.

Medical Clearances: Ensuring You are Ready:

Before your rhinoplasty, your surgeon will definitely suggest certain blood tests and health check-ups to confirm your fitness for anaesthesia and the surgical procedure. The best clinic for nose reshaping in Kolkata will suggest:

• Blood Tests– to evaluate bleeding and clotting time, anaemia, complete blood count, diabetes, and organ function.
• Electrocardiogram (ECG) – especially critical for sufferers over 40 or with coronary heart disease
• Chest X-ray – for sufferers with a history of breathing troubles
• Specialist consultations – when you have specific health issues like allergies, thyroid problems, or high blood pressure
• Tip: Book these tests early so that they don’t postpone your surgical treatment date.

Lifestyle Adjustments: Setting the Stage for Healing:

Your recovery after surgery largely depends upon your health condition before surgery. Dr. Sabyasachi Basu endorses some adjustments atleast 4-6 weeks before your surgery:

Stop Smoking and Limit Alcohol:

Smoking decreases blood flow, slows the healing process, and maximizes the probability of complications.
Alcohol can also create issues in the anaesthesia process and increase bleeding problems. Stop it at least one week before surgery.

Review Your Medications and Supplements:

Some drugs like aspirin, ibuprofen, and other blood thinners, and supplements like vitamin E, fish oil, and ginkgo can increase bleeding. Always comply with the instructions provided before surgery by the top-rated rhinoplasty doctor in Kolkata.

• Follow a proper Diet
• Lean proteins to help in tissue repair
• Fresh fruits and vegetables for vitamins and antioxidantsStay hydrated
• Prepare Your Recovery Space
• Arrange a caretaker to assist for the first 24–48 hours
• Keep foods and prescribed medicines ready
• Set up a comfortable resting area with enough pillows to keep your head elevated

Final Thoughts from Dr. Basu:

How to prepare for nose surgery in Kolkata? Rhinoplasty is not just a surgery. It’s a cautiously curated journey that begins weeks before the operation. From the routine checkups to the final stages of the healing journey, every step is essential to attain the final result. Remember, proper preparation with expert guidance from a trusted and experienced rhinoplasty doctor like Dr. Sabyasachi Basu guarantees the best outcome.

The post Before the Procedure: How to Prepare for Your Rhinoplasty Surgery appeared first on Dr. Sabyasachi Basu.

Further, the Council specified that in order to practice allopathy in Delhi, a person should have an M.B.B.S degree and a registration with the council. Any person, not having the requisite medical qualification and council registration is liable to be prosecuted, the Medical Council in the National capital further mentioned.

The RTI, a copy of which is with Medical Dialogues team, was filed on 30 October, 2024 and it sought clarification from the medical council regarding the eligibility of dentists to perform such aesthetic procedures.

Responding to the RTI filed by Dr Aman Kaushik, a NEET PG aspirant, DMC on 20.11.2024 mentioned, “With reference to your application received in this office on 30. October, 2024, on the subject noted above; based on the records available in the office of the Delhi Medical, it is informed that the dentist(s) is/are not qualified to do medical procedure like Botox, treating acne etc.”

“It is further informed that for practicing allopathic system of medicine in the NCT of Delhi, a person should hold recognized medical qualification as per the Schedule to the NMC Act and should be registered with the Delhi Medical Council; hence, a person being a holder of M.B.B.S. qualification and registered with the Delhi Medical Council can practice modem scientific system of medicine (allopathy) in the NCT of Delhi,” the Council added.

It further informed that any person, who is found to be practicing modem scientific system of medicine (allopathy) in the NCT of Delhi without holding any requisite medical qualification as per the Schedule to the NMC Act and not registered with the Delhi Medical Council, “is liable to be prosecuted in terms of the Section 27 of the Delhi Medical Council Act, 1997.”

Section 27 of the DMC Act, 1997 states the following:

“27. False assumption of Medical Practitioner or Practitioner under this Act to be an offence.—Any person who falsely assumes that he is a medical practitioner or practitioner as defined in Clause (7) of Section 2 and practises the modern scientific system of medicine, shall be punishable with rigorous imprisonment which may extend up to three years or with fine which may extend up to Rs. 20,000 or with both.”

DMC in the RTI response also asked people that they may file complaint against any person, practicing modern scientific system of medicine (allopathy) in the NCT of Delhi without holding any requisite medical qualification as per Schedule to the NMC Act and not registered with Delhi Medical Council, to the Council in the following address:

“Delhi Medical Council, Ground Floor, B-Wing, Block-1, DMRC IT Park. Shastri park, New Delhi- 110053″

The complainants will have to give details of the:

(a) name, description and address of the complainant
(b) the name, description and address of the individual who is found alleged to be practicing medicine without holding any requisite qualification
(c) documents in support of the complaint, if any i.e. Prescription, Letter Pad of the clinic, Visiting Card of the medical practitioner etc.

They may also send the complaint to the Anti-Quackery Cell, Directorate General of Health Services, Govt. of NCT of Delhi, Swasthya Sewa Nideshalaya Bhawan, F-17, Karkardooma, Delhi-110032”

Welcoming the medical council’s response, Dr Aman Kaushik who filed the RTI, told Medical Dialogues, “There has been a decrease in the trend of aspirants opting for dermatology, as in the branch of dermatology, the issue has risen to such an extent that on social media, one can find numerous reels of unqualified practitioners including dentists who can’t practice dermatology, offering aesthetic procedures and medications for acne treatments etc.

Dermatologists being the specialists in this field are quite frustrated because of this. The response that I have received from the Delhi Medical Council says that dentists are not qualified to perform these aesthetic procedures such as botox and acne treatment etc. If any practitioner, who is not qualified, is found performing these procedures, they can be reported to the medical council and the anti-quackery cell.”

“One of the reasons I filed the RTI is because there should be a thorough check from the anti-quackery cell from the government and strict action should be taken on this issue. There is also the need for reporting such cases by the dermatologists and due addressal by the National Medical Commission (NMC) and the Dental Council of India (DCI),” he added.

Meanwhile, sharing a copy of the RTI response on his X (formerly Twitter) account, Dr. Lakshya Mittal, the President of the United Doctors’ Front Association (UDFA) wrote, “RTI reply from Delhi Medical Council #DMC confirms dentists are not qualified to perform aesthetic procedures like Botox or acne treatment. Yet, many continue to do so, misleading patients through social media.”

“If any such influencer comes across, please file a complaint with the DMC or Anti-Quackery Cell. Let’s uphold ethical medical practices,” he further added.

Earlier, UDFA had raised the issue of a homeopathic practitioner in Jind performing allopathic procedures including aesthetic surgeries such as Botox, Fillers etc. Back then, the association had urged the Haryana Government authorities to conduct immediate investigations and take strict action against the concerned homeopathic doctor.
Medical Dialogues had earlier reported that back in 2022, the National Medical Commission (NMC) had ordered a crackdown on the mushrooming practice of unethical and illegal aesthetic surgeries including hair transplant. The Apex Medical Commission had clarified at that time that only properly trained licensed registered medical practitioners (RMPs) i.e. practitioner of modern medicine are eligible for conducting such procedures.

Issuing guidelines, the Ethics and Medical Registration Board (EMRB) of NMC had recommended MCh/DNB Plastic surgery, MD/DNB Dermatology with adequate grooming in dermatological surgical procedures for conducting hair transplantation surgeries.

The post Dentists not qualified to perform Aesthetic Procedures: Delhi Medical Council appeared first on Dr. Sabyasachi Basu.

Botox is a protein made from Botulinum toxin that temporarily paralyzes muscle. In small doses, it can reduce skin wrinkles and help treat a range of medical conditions, including eyelid spasms and some types of migraine.

The bacterium Clostridium botulinum produces Botulinum toxin, which is the same toxin that causes botulism.

Botox is a toxin, but when doctors use it correctly and in small doses, it can have benefits. It has both cosmetic and medical uses.

As a cosmetic treatment, Botox injections can reduce the appearance of skin wrinkles.

Also, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have approved it as a treatment for various health issues, including eyelid spasms, excessive sweating, some bladder disorders, and migraine.

In this article, we explain how Botox works and explore its uses, side effects, and other risks.

What is Botox?

Botox derives from C. botulinum bacteria, which are present in many natural settings, including soil, lakes, forests, and the intestinal tracts of mammals and fish.

Naturally occurring C. botulinum bacteria and spores are generally harmless. Problems only arise when the spores transform and the cell population increases. At a certain point, the bacteria begin producing Botulinum toxin, the deadly neurotoxin responsible for botulism.

Botulinum toxin is extremely dangerous. Some scientists have estimated that 1 gramTrusted Source of a crystalline form of the toxin could kill 1 million people and that a couple of kilograms could kill every human on the planet.

However, when Botox is appropriately used in a therapeutic context, it is safe and has few side effects, the American Osteopathic College of Dermatology report.

Manufacturers make Botox injections with very small doses of Botulinum toxin. The drug can temporarily paralyze muscles, which can benefit people with various muscle or nerve disorders.

Commercial preparations of Botulinum toxin include:

• onabotulinumtoxin A (Botox)
• abobotulinumtoxin A (Dysport)
• incobotulinumtoxin A (Xeomin)
• rimabotulinumtoxin B (Myobloc)
• prabotulinumtoxin A (Jeuveau)

People casually use the term “Botox” to describe all of these products, though Botox is a registered trademark that one company owns.

How does it work?

Botox is a neurotoxin. These substances target the nervous system, disrupting the nerve signaling processes that stimulate muscle contraction. This is how the drug causes temporary muscle paralysis.

In order for any muscle to contract, the nerves release a chemical messenger called acetylcholine at the junction where nerve endings meet muscle cells. Acetylcholine attaches to receptors on the muscle cells and causes the cells to contract, or shorten.

Botox injections prevent the release of acetylcholine, which stops the muscle cells from contracting. In this way, the toxin helps the muscles to become less stiff.

Cosmetic uses

The primary use of Botox is reducing the appearance of facial wrinkles.

According to the American Board of Cosmetic Surgery, Botox injections are the most popular cosmetic procedure nationwide. In 2016, over 7 million people had Botox treatments.

The effects are temporary, lasting 3–12 months, depending on the type of treatment.

People often request the injections in the following areas of the face:

• wrinkles between the eyebrows, called frown lines, glabellar lines, or elevens
• wrinkles around the eyes, known as crow’s feet
• horizontal creases in the forehead
• lines at the corners of the mouth
• “cobblestone” skin on the chin

However, the FDA have only approved the injections for use around the eyes and on the forehead.

Research has not shown whether Botox could improve dark circles under the eyes.

Some people also try Botox to improve the appearance of their hair. There is little evidence that this works

Medical uses

Healthcare professionals also use Botox to treat a variety of medical conditions, most of which affect the neuromuscular system.

The FDA have approved Botox for the following uses. Unless otherwise specified, the approval is for use in people 18 or older:

• upper limb spasticity, in anyone older than 2 years
• crossed eyes, or strabismus, in those older than 12 years
• severe underarm sweating, or hyperhidrosis
• preventing migraine in people whose migraine headaches last at least 4 hours on 15 or more days per month
• reducing symptoms of an overactive bladder due to a neurological condition if anticholinergic medications do not help
• eyelid spasms, or blepharospasm, due to dystonia
• a neurological movement disorder called cervical dystonia that affects the head and causes neck pain

Some people also have Botox injections for off-label, or unapproved, uses, including as treatments for:

• alopecia
• sialorrheaTrusted Source, which involves producing too much saliva
• psoriasis
• dyshidrotic eczema, which affects the palms of the hands and soles of the feet
• anismus, a dysfunction of the anal muscle
• post-herpetic neuralgia
• vulvodynia, pain and discomfort in the vagina without a clear cause
• Raynaud’s disease, which affects circulation
• achalasia, an issue with the throat that makes swallowing difficult

Other conditions

According to a 2017 reviewTrusted Source of existing evidence, other issues and medical conditions that may benefit from off-label Botox use include:

• facial redness and flushing, including during menopause
• keloids and scars from wound healing
• hidradenitis suppurativa, an inflammatory skin disease
• blistering lesions due to Hailey-Hailey disease, a rare genetic disorder

However, confirming that Botox is safe and effective for off-label uses will require more research. Scientists must also establish the appropriate ways to deliver treatment in each case.

Procedure

Clinicians use Botulinum toxin by diluting the powder in saline and injecting it directly into neuromuscular tissue.

It takes 24–72 hoursTrusted Source for the toxin to take effect. Rarely, it can take as long as 5 days for the full effects to show. They may last 3–12 months, depending on the treatment.

People should avoid using Botox during pregnancy or breastfeeding, or if they have ever had an allergic reaction to the drug or any of its ingredients.

Cost, time, and effectiveness

The cost of Botox depends on various factors, including:

• whether it is for medical or cosmetic purposes
• who provides the treatment
• where the treatment takes place
• the number of Botox units involved

For cosmetic use, The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery noted in 2016 that, on average:

• the cost of a Botox treatment for frown lines or crows’ feet was $376
• the procedure lasted 30 minutes
• the improvement appeared in 1–5 days
• repeat treatments were necessary every 4–6 months
• the person could return to work at once

Medicare covers the cost of Botox for medical purposes that doctors deem necessary. However, due to the potentially high cost, it is important to confirm that the treatment is covered before the appointment.

When considering Botox for any reason, it is crucial to make sure that the provider is a qualified professional with the appropriate training.

For people looking to have cosmetic Botox, the American Academy of Facial Esthetics have a locator function that can help.

Anyone who believes that Botox might help with a medical condition should speak with their doctor.

Risks and side effects

People generally tolerate Botox injections well, and side effects are uncommon.

However, depending on the reason for the injections and the person’s response, Botulinum toxin can cause some unwanted effects, including:

• dry eye, following cosmetic uses
• an upset stomach
• numbness
• mild pain, swelling, or bruising around the injection site
• a headache
• temporary eyelid drooping
• temporary unwanted weakness or paralysis in nearby muscles
• urinary problems after treatment for urinary incontinence
• a worsening of neuromuscular disorders
• spatial disorientation or double vision after treatment for strabismus
• corneal ulceration after treatment for blepharitis
• cardiovascular events, such as arrhythmia and myocardial infarction

People should not use Botox if they have:

• a sensitivity or allergy to it
• an infection at the injection site

Depending on the type of treatment, there are concerns that the effects of Botox may extend beyond the injection site, possibly leading to symptoms such as difficulty breathing.

This is more likely to occur in some individuals than others, and genetic factors may play a role.

Also, some people receiving injections of Botulinum toxin type A develop antibodiesTrusted Source to the toxin that make subsequent treatments ineffective.

Summary

Botox has cosmetic and medical uses. It can reduce the appearance of wrinkles and help treat certain disorders related to the nervous and muscular systems.

If someone wants to try Botox, it is a good idea to speak to a healthcare provider about the risks, costs, and other considerations.

The post Botox: Cosmetic and medical uses appeared first on Dr. Sabyasachi Basu.

All that balding Indian television executive Athar Rasheed wanted was to look handsome and get married. But the 30-year-old’s seemingly harmless hair transplant went fatally wrong.

Women have been judged on their appearance for millennia, but in an increasingly materialistic Indian society, men are also feeling pressure to look young and presentable for fear of losing their social standing.

More and more prematurely balding men are opting for hair transplants as disposable incomes rise and an emphasis on personal appearance becomes stronger.

Seedy clinics manned by untrained personnel perform the surgery at a fraction of the cost.

New Delhi:

All that balding Indian television executive Athar Rasheed wanted was to look handsome and get married. But the 30-year-old’s seemingly harmless hair transplant went fatally wrong.

Women have been judged on their appearance for millennia, but in an increasingly materialistic Indian society, men are also feeling pressure to look young and presentable for fear of losing their social standing.

More and more prematurely balding men are opting for hair transplants as disposable incomes rise and an emphasis on personal appearance becomes stronger.

But in a weakly regulated sector, the procedure — sometimes performed by amateurs self-trained on YouTube — can have deadly results.

Rasheed was the sole breadwinner for his family and aspired to a better life — owning a house and getting his two sisters married.

But he developed sepsis after undergoing a hair transplant at a clinic in Delhi last year, his distraught mother Asiya Begum, 62, told AFP.

The swelling spread from his head and he suffered terrible agonies.

“My son died a very painful death. His kidneys stopped functioning and then all his other organs collapsed,” she said, breaking down.

Armed with photographs showing Rasheed’s bloated face and black rashes that broke out all over his body in his final hours, the family lodged a police complaint.

Four people, including the two men who performed the surgery, have been arrested and are awaiting trial.

“I remember my son every day and die a slow death,” she said, sitting in her modest one-room rented flat in a rundown neighbourhood of the capital.

“I lost my son but I don’t want any other mother to lose their child because of fraudulent practices of a few people,” she said.

– Confidence booster –

When performed by a skilled surgeon, a hair transplant can be a life-changing and confidence-boosting experience, especially for young Indian men looking for personal and professional growth.

Harish Iyer, a social commentator and equal rights activist, said men have started focusing more on their grooming as lifestyles change.

“The need to exhibit youth and vitality is echoed by all genders,” Iyer told AFP.

“The pressure was always on women to look a certain way and find acceptance, but the needle is now changing.”

But at the same time, specialists say increasingly sedentary lifestyles, smoking, improper diet and stress can result in early hair loss.

A hair transplantation procedure involves removing follicles from a dense area of hair, such as the back of the head, and then implanting them on the affected area of the scalp.

Doctor Mayank Singh performs up to 15 surgeries a month at his upscale clinic in a posh New Delhi neighbourhood.

Most of his patients are aged 25 to 35 and looking to either get married or climb the professional ladder, especially in jobs where appearances matter.

The procedure costs some 350,000 rupees ($4,300), a considerable sum in a country where millions live on less than two dollars a day.

Seedy clinics manned by untrained personnel perform the surgery at a fraction of the cost.

– YouTube workshops –

Singh, who is also the secretary of the Association of Hair Restoration Surgeons of India, said quacks were bringing the industry a bad name.

“People have this myth that this is a minor procedure, whereas the duration of the surgery is pretty long, running into some six to eight hours,” said Singh.

“It involves a lot of local anaesthesia that has to be administered over time. If someone does not have the knowledge about what we need to do, then it can become an unsafe procedure.”

Alarmed by the mushrooming number of clinics offering often subpar service at discounted prices, India’s National Medical Commission issued a warning in September.

“Watching in workshops or on YouTube or similar platforms is not adequate training to start aesthetic procedures including hair transplantation,” it said.

Only properly trained doctors should perform such procedures, it added.

Singh, a plastic surgeon, said it was imperative that the guidelines were strictly adhered to.

He has a long list of happy customers, including doctor Lakshmi Narayanan, who for years avoided going to social gatherings because of his baldness.

“My hair loss started when I was just 18. I used to avoid taking pictures of myself or even looking in the mirror,” Narayanan, now 29, told AFP.

“But not anymore. I can interact confidently with people now and I am looking for a life partner.”

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The celebrity plastic surgery have they or have not they game is tired, and inherently implies some kind of plastic surgery shaming, which we all can agree needs to end. But celebrities who choose to own their aesthetic choices and share their experiences with the world, are shedding light on plastic surgery as a whole, for better or worse.

For example, in January, Amy Schumer revealed via an Instagram snap that after healing from her endometriosis surgery, she opted to have a liposuction procedure. While her painful and difficult journey with endometriosis and fertility has been well documented, she shared, emphatically, that she never thought she’d be a plastic surgery patient, but she’s so glad she changed her mind, telling Chelsea Handler on her podcast, Dear Chelsea, “I got lipo and I’m feeling really good.”

This is incredibly normal, according to Washington D.C.-based plastic surgeon and American Society of Plastic Surgeons member, Troy Pittman, MD, FACS. “It’s all about raising awareness,” he says. “Amy Schumer had a great experience, and she did something she never thought she was going to do, and that raises awareness just as much as Linda Evangelista sharing her horrible experience with body shaping devices, which also raises awareness.”

Below, we dig into the plastic surgery journeys of celebrities who have reflected upon their different procedures, experiences and motivations. We’ve also tapped two members of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons for their take on whether celebrity testimonials helpful, harmful or somewhere in between.

Going from ‘never ever’ to ‘now’

“When I would hear liposuction, I was just like, that’s so crazy to me, and I would say I’m not ever going to do anything,” Schumer told Handler. But after turning 40 and undergoing a C-section, Schumer had a change of heart. Even more, she says she wanted to be transparent about her choice.

“I just wanted to say that, because if anybody sees me in pictures or anything and they’re like, she looks thinner: it’s because I had surgery,” she said. “It’s too hard, and I just want to be real about it.”

More recently, in a March interview with The Hollywood Reporter, Schumer said that she wasn’t nervous about being body-shamed by the public for her total honesty about undergoing liposuction because she felt confident about her decision as well as the road that got her there.

“It’s not about needing [for my body] to be slamming, because I’ve never been famous for being hot, but I’d reached a place where I was tired of looking at myself in the mirror,” she said.

From Dr. Pittman’s perspective, Schumer’s “me-centered statements are good for people to hear just as much as going on a plastic surgery website and reading patient experiences is good for people,” he says. “Because this is an individual experience based on something that’s totally personal.”

‘Not ashamed’ to show scars

Following years of physical and emotional distress, Modern Family star Ariel Winter chose to have breast reduction surgery at the age of 17 (the average age of patients for this procedure is 18) to reduce her bust from a 34F to a 34D. While this operation technically falls under plastic surgery, it is often considered medically necessary – even covered by some health insurance plans – and plastic surgeons routinely affirm that it has the highest patient satisfaction rating.

“It’s something that I did to better my life and better my health, and I think that can benefit a lot of younger girls,” she explained to the Los Angeles Times. “I have felt more happy with myself than I ever have.”

Plastic surgery is a partnership

One key takeaway from Ariel Winter’s experience is the way she views her surgical procedure as a collaboration with her surgeon to achieve a mutual goal and leaned on his medical expertise as she weighed her options.

“[My surgeon] said he didn’t think we should go smaller than a C and I agreed because I have always been a curvier girl and I enjoy being a curvier girl. I don’t want to be disproportionate again,” she shared.

This surgeon-patient partnership and its underlying trust is one of the most important aspects of a successful plastic surgery experience – even when it’s telling patients something they don’t want to hear, says David Shafer, MD, FACS, a plastic surgeon and ASPS member with a practice in New York City.

He says that saying “no” is part of the job of a plastic surgeon. “I have an obligation to tell someone that what they want is not realistic,” he says.

Celebrities are not experts

Whether they’re simply sharing their experience as a mere mortal or playing the role of armchair expert, celebrities often find themselves at the center of conversations about plastic surgery. Take Courteney Cox, for example, who famously shared her choice to have her fillers dissolved, or Michelle Visage, who filmed a documentary devoted to her experience with breast implant illness.

“It’s problematic when celebrities develop this pseudo expertise and declare things to be bad,” says Dr. Pittman. “They are kind of seen as experts just because they’re celebrities, but they’re not giving any kind of scientific rationale behind the things they say.”

Yeah – maybe Amy Schumer loved her lipo, but don’t take her word just because she’s a celeb. Other celebs have been public about regret, but living in the public eye brings its own set of pressures and perspectives. While listening to other patients’ experiences – famous or not – can help inform our decisions, every procedure and decision to have one is personal and specific to you. There is no substitute for consulting a board-certified plastic surgeon to get a full understanding of what you can expect.

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